- CABG (Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting) treatment guide
CABG creates new routes around important coronary artery narrowings using arterial or venous grafts so blood can reach heart muscle beyond the blockages. Through a sternotomy in most cases, the surgeon connects grafts beyond diseased coronary segments. The internal thoracic artery is commonly used for the LAD; radial artery and saphenous vein grafts are selected according to targets, conduit quality and patient factors.
- Heart Valve Replacement treatment guide
Heart valve replacement removes or excludes a severely diseased native valve and implants a mechanical or biological prosthesis when durable repair is unsuitable. Surgical replacement usually uses cardiopulmonary bypass to excise diseased tissue and secure a sized prosthesis. Mechanical valves are durable but generally require lifelong vitamin-K-antagonist anticoagulation; tissue valves avoid lifelong valve-related VKA for many patients but can deteriorate.
- Heart Valve Repair treatment guide
Heart valve repair reshapes and supports native leaflets, annulus, chords or adjacent structures to restore competent flow without replacing the valve. On bypass, the surgeon corrects the lesion with techniques such as leaflet resection or reconstruction, chordal replacement, commissural work and an annuloplasty ring; intraoperative transoesophageal echo tests the result.
- Heart Transplant Surgery treatment guide
Heart transplantation replaces a failing heart with a deceased-donor organ after formal multidisciplinary evaluation, legal eligibility, listing and allocation. Only after an organ is allocated under applicable rules does the team coordinate donor procurement and implant the donor heart, usually orthotopically; timing cannot be scheduled or guaranteed.
- Aortic Root Replacement treatment guide
Aortic root replacement removes diseased aortic root tissue beside the heart and reconstructs it with a graft while reimplanting the coronary arteries, with valve replacement or preservation as appropriate. On bypass, diseased root tissue is replaced and coronary buttons are reimplanted. A composite valve-graft conduit replaces the valve, while a valve-sparing root replacement preserves suitable native leaflets.
- TAVR/TAVI (Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement) treatment guide
TAVR, also called TAVI, treats selected severe aortic stenosis by delivering a collapsible tissue valve through a catheter, most often from the femoral artery, without open-heart valve replacement. In a catheter or hybrid laboratory, the team advances a crimped bioprosthetic valve—usually transfemorally—and deploys it within the diseased aortic valve under imaging, with immediate assessment of gradient, leak, coronary flow and conduction.
- Aortic Aneurysm Surgery treatment guide
Aortic aneurysm surgery replaces, excludes or reinforces a dangerously enlarged segment of the thoracic aorta using open, endovascular or hybrid reconstruction selected from location and anatomy. Open repair replaces diseased aorta with a graft and may use bypass, hypothermia or circulatory arrest; endovascular repair deploys a stent graft through arteries, while hybrid repair combines branch rerouting and stenting.
- Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery treatment guide
Minimally invasive cardiac surgery uses smaller thoracic incisions for a specifically indicated valve, coronary or other heart operation while preserving the same clinical treatment goal. Through a mini-thoracotomy or partial sternotomy, the team performs the named operation using specialized instruments and often peripheral bypass cannulation; consent includes conversion to full sternotomy when safety or completeness requires it.
- Robotic Cardiac Surgery treatment guide
Robotic cardiac surgery uses console-controlled instruments and small ports to perform a defined operation, most commonly selected mitral repair or limited coronary and intracardiac procedures. The surgeon operates from a console while bedside staff place ports, establish bypass where required and manage instruments. The plan must include rapid conversion to thoracotomy or sternotomy if exposure, bleeding or safety requires it.
- LVAD Implantation treatment guide
An LVAD is a durable mechanical pump that moves blood from the left ventricle to the aorta for selected advanced heart-failure patients as a bridge to transplant, bridge to decision or destination therapy. The surgeon implants an inflow cannula in the left ventricle and an outflow graft to the aorta; the pump connects through a driveline to external controllers and batteries. The patient and caregiver must learn power, alarms, driveline care and emergencies.
- Redo CABG treatment guide
Redo CABG is repeat bypass surgery after a previous cardiac operation, performed when graft failure or progressive native coronary disease requires surgical revascularization. The team plans safe re-entry through adhesions, protects any patent grafts, selects remaining arterial or venous conduits and constructs bypasses to useful distal targets, using on-pump or selected off-pump support.
- Double Valve Replacement treatment guide
Double valve replacement implants prostheses in two diseased heart-valve positions during one operation, commonly aortic and mitral, when durable repair is unsuitable. On cardiopulmonary bypass, the surgeon excises or excludes both diseased valves and implants appropriately sized mechanical, tissue or mixed prostheses, while managing interaction between valves and conduction tissue.
- Congenital Heart Surgery treatment guide
Congenital heart surgery is an umbrella category for anatomy-specific repair or palliation of heart and great-vessel differences present from birth in children or adults. The operation may close a shunt, repair a valve, reconstruct an outflow or arch, redirect veins, or create a staged circulation using patches, conduits, bypass or circulatory-arrest strategies tailored to individual anatomy.